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Epiphergy maintains these third-party reference materials for your non-commercial (personal) use. We have found these resources to be informative, although we don't always agree with the author's conclusion(s) and/or methodology. All content in this area was developed by third-parties and is the property of the copyright owner.
We have (where possible) provided a Title (with link to a local archive copy), a Source (with link to the original), and a brief Description for each document. Clicking on the Title or Source will open the corresponding document in a new window. Epiphergy recommends that you "go to the Source" whenever possible. Local copies are for backup only.
Biofuels:
| Title: |
Ethanol from Biomas by Gasification/Fermentation |
| Source: |
University of Arkansas (Argonne National Laboratory) |
| Bacteria have been isolated from natural sources that produce ethanol from CO, H2, and CO2. This paper describes a unique process for producing liquid fuel from biomass gasification, followed by fermentation of the synthesis gas to ethanol. This process offers the advantage of very high yield (140 gal/ton), since the lignin and pentose fractions of the biomass can be readily utilized. This presentation describes laboratory experiments with the culture and discusses bioreactor designs for this mass transfer limited fermentation. |
| 7 pages |
120 kbytes |
PDF |
1993 |
| Title: |
Ethanol Fuel For Rural Households |
| Source: |
Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute |
| Among all the liquid fuels, which can be produced locally and in a renewable manner, ethanol is one of the best. It is an excellent substitute for kerosene and burns better than it without any particulate output or unpleasant smell. In fact its combustion is almost as clean as that of LPG. Hence the use of ethanol fuel for cooking and lighting for rural areas needs to be encouraged. |
| 4 pages |
19 kbytes |
PDF |
2006 |
| Title: |
Fuel-Cycle Assessment of Selected Bioethanol Production Pathways in the United States |
| Source: |
Argonne National Laboratory |
| Results showed that FFVs fueled with corn stover ethanol blends offer substantial energy savings (94–95%) relative to those fueled with RFG. For each Btu of corn stover ethanol produced and used, 0.09 Btu of fossil fuel is required. The cellulosic ethanol pathway avoids 86–89% of greenhouse gas emissions. Unlike the life cycle of corn grain-based ethanol, in which the ethanol plant consumes most of the fossil fuel, farming consumes most of the fossil fuel in the life cycle of corn stover-based ethanol. |
| 65 pages |
2807 kbytes |
PDF |
2006 |
| Title: |
Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Products: Environmental Assessment of Biofuels |
| Source: |
Empa Technology and Society Lab |
| Not all biofuels per se can reduce environmental impacts as compared to fossil fuels. Currently, of all the production paths investigated, it is especially the use of biogenic wastes ranging from grass to wood that brings a reduction in environmental impact as compared with petrol. Since the potential of domestic bioenergy today is limited (and will be so in future) bioenergy will not solve all our energy problems. However it if the available biomass is transformed into energy in an efficient and environmentally friendly manner, while at the same time consumption is reduced and energy efficiency increased, these alternative energy carriers can together with other forms of renewable energy play a role in our future energy supply that should not be neglected. |
| 18 pages |
303 kbytes |
PDF |
2007 |
| Title: |
Making and testing a biodiesel fuel made from ethanol and waste french-fry oil |
| Source: |
Idaho Department of Water Resources (Energy Division) |
| Hydrogenated soy ethyl ester (HySEE) has good possibilities for use as a diesel fuel substitute. This study examines short term engine tests with HySEE and number 2 diesel fuel (D2). Four engine performance tests were conducted including an engine mapping procedure, an injector coking screening test, an engine power study and a 300 hour endurance test. In addition emissions testing of HySEE was conducted at the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transit Authorities (MTA) Emissions Testing Facility (ETF). |
| 26 pages |
2495 kbytes |
PDF |
1995 |
| Title: |
Proceedings of Third International Symposium on Alcohol Fuels Technology |
| Source: |
US DOE / NTIS |
| Alcohols from coal, remote natural gas, and biomass do offer alternatives to petroleum fuels. Further, they may, in the long run, prove to be equal or superior to the petroleum fuels when the aspects of performance, environment, health, and safety are combined with the renewable aspect of biomass-derived alcohols. The environmental concequences of using alcohols continues to be more benign in general than the petroleum based fuels, although the absence of strong, broad-scale assessment and support for these fuels by the United States Federal Government was noted as a point of concern by the attendees. |
| 838 pages |
33457 kbytes |
PDF |
1979 |
| Title: |
The Butterfield Still |
| Source: |
Floyd S. Butterfield |
| A report sponsored by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) detailing Floyd Butterfield's 70,000 gallon per year ethanol plant |
| 0 pages |
0 kbytes |
Web |
1981 |
E-Fuel:
| Title: |
E-Fuel MicroFueler Datasheet |
| Source: |
E-Fuel Corporation |
| Introducing E-Fuel’s MicroFueler™, the world’s first home-sized fuel alcohol plant. Set up involves placing it on a level surface and connecting it to a source of water, power, and wastewater disposal, just like a washing machine. |
| 2 pages |
447 kbytes |
PDF |
2008 |
| Title: |
E-Fuel Press Fact Sheet |
| Source: |
E-Fuel Corporation |
| E-Fuel was founded in 2007 by entrepreneur Tom Quinn and ethanol scientist Floyd Butterfield to create the world’s first home ethanol product for people who want to break their dependency on oil. E-Fuel has created a business model and product design that makes home ethanol access practical and cost competitive against gasoline. |
| 4 pages |
220 kbytes |
PDF |
2008 |
| Title: |
E-Fuel Product Information Brochure |
| Source: |
E-Fuel Corporation |
| Frustrated with the ever increasing cost of gasoline, consumers now have an alternative to take control of their energy future. Introducing the EFuel100 Micro-Fueler™ home ethanol system. The MicroFueler is the world’s first noncombustion ethanol micro-refinery system that combines a fuel delivery system with an ethanol production unit. |
| 2 pages |
404 kbytes |
PDF |
2008 |
| Title: |
eFuel100 Home Page |
| Source: |
E-Fuel Corporation |
| E-Fuel Corporation developed the "MicroFueler" appliance which produces up to ten (10) gallons of ethanol fuel per day. |
| 0 pages |
0 kbytes |
Web |
2008 |
Engines:
| Title: |
Calculations of Knock Supression in Highly Turbocharged Gasoline/Ethanol Engines Using Direct Ethanol Injection |
| Source: |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) |
| Calculations are described of knock suppression using direct ethanol injection in spark ignition gasoline/ethanol engines. The calculations show that evaporative cooling from direct ethanol injection, coupled with the high octane rating of ethanol, can be highly effective in inhibiting knock, thereby allowing use of small turbocharged engines with substantially increased efficiency. The calculations indicate that the enhanced knock suppression can allow for more than a factor of two increase in manifold pressure relative to conventional, naturally aspirated engines while also allowing for increased compression ratio. |
| 17 pages |
261 kbytes |
PDF |
2006 |
| Title: |
E85 and Fuel Efficiency: An Empirical Analysis of 2007 EPA Test Data |
| Source: |
Ohio State University |
| Differences in engine design and fuel characteristics affect the efficiency with which the chemical energy in gasoline and ethanol is converted into mechanical energy, so that the change in fuel economy may not be a linear function of energy content. This study analyzes the fuel economy tests performed by the US EPA on 2007 model year E85-compliant vehicles and finds that the average difference in fuel economy nearly mirrors the differential in energy content. |
| 6 pages |
412 kbytes |
PDF |
2007 |
| Title: |
Homogeneous Charge Catalytic Ignition of Ethanol-Water/Air Mixtures in a Reciprocating Engine |
| Source: |
University of Idaho (SmartPlugs) |
| Lean ethanol-water/air mixtures have potential for reducing NOx and CO emissions in internal combustion engines, with little well-to-wheels CO2 emissions. Conventional ignition systems have been unsuccessful at igniting such mixtures. An alternative catalytic ignition source is being developed to aid in the combustion of aqueous ethanol. The operating principle is homogeneous charge compression ignition inside a catalytic pre-chamber, which causes torch ignition and flame propagation in the combustion chamber. Ignition timing can be adjusted by changing the length of the catalytic core element, the length of the pre-chamber, the diameter of the pre-chamber, and the electrical power supplied to the catalytic core element. To study engine operation, a 1.0L 3-cylinder Yanmar diesel engine was converted for ethanol-water use, and compared with an unmodified engine. |
| 10 pages |
512 kbytes |
DOC |
2008 |
| Title: |
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Technology: A Report to the U.S. Congress |
| Source: |
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory |
| HCCI combustion has the potential to be highly efficient and to produce low emissions. HCCI engines can have efficiencies as high as compression-ignition, direct-injection (CIDI) engines (an advanced version of the commonly known diesel engine), while producing ultra-low oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. HCCI engines can operate on gasoline, diesel fuel, and most alternative fuels. While HCCI has been demonstrated and known for quite some time, only the recent advent of electronic sensors and controls has made HCCI engines a potential practical reality. |
| 52 pages |
312 kbytes |
PDF |
2001 |
| Title: |
Improving Ethanol Life Cycle Energy Efficiency by Direct Utilization of Wet Ethanol in HCCI Engines |
| Source: |
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (SAE) |
| HCCI engines are intrinsically fuel flexible and can run on low-grade fuels as long as the fuel can be heated to the point of ignition. In particular, HCCI engines can run on “wet ethanol:” ethanol-in-water mixtures with high concentration of water. The results of the paper show that a HCCI engine with efficient heat recovery can operate on a mixture of 35% ethanol and 65% water by volume while achieving a high brake thermal efficiency (38.7%) and very low NOx (1.6 ppm, clean enough to meet any existing or oncoming emissions standards). Direct utilization of ethanol at a 35% volume fraction reduces water separation cost and improves the net energy gain. Wet ethanol utilization is a promising concept that merits more detailed analysis and experimental evaluation. |
| 6 pages |
343 kbytes |
PDF |
2007 |
| Title: |
Water-Ethanol-Gasoline Blends as Spark Ignition Engine Fuels |
| Source: |
Southern Illinois University |
| The miscibility characteristics of hydrated ethanol with gasoline is investigated as a means of reducing the cost of ethanol/gasoline blends for use as a spark ignition engine fuel. For a given percentage of water in the ethanol, the experimental data shows that a limited volume of gasoline can be added to form a stable mixture. Engine experiments indicate that, at normal ambient temperatures, a water/ethanol/gasoline mixture containing up to 6 vol% of water in the ethanol constitutes a desirable motor fuel with power characteristics similar to those of the base gasoline. As a means of reducing the smog causing components of the exhaust gases, such as the oxides of nitrogen and the unburnt hydrocarbons, the water/ethanol/gasoline mixture is superior to the base gasoline. |
| 5 pages |
695 kbytes |
PDF |
1982 |
Ethanol:
| Title: |
A Study Guide and Overview of Ethanol Blended Fuels |
| Source: |
Nebraska Ethanol Board |
| As a renewable alternative energy source made from grain and other biomass resources, ethanol study serves as an excellent learning opportunity for students to use in issue clarification and problem-solving activities. Ethanol illustrates that science and technology can provide us with new products and new uses for products. This curriculum provides teachers and students with the basics needed to understand the use and production of ethanol. After sorting out the facts, students can reach their own conclusions about using ethanol as a fuel in their vehicles–and if it is in the interests of the state and nation to do so. |
| 61 pages |
574 kbytes |
PDF |
1900 |
| Title: |
AES Greenidge Bioethanol Co-Location Assessment |
| Source: |
National Renewable Energy Laboratory |
| NREL - The feasibility of co-locating a cellulose-to-ethanol (bioethanol) facility at the existing AES Greenidge coal-fired electric power plant near Dresden, New York, has been evaluated in this study. The AES Greenidge facility currently obtains 8 to 10% of its energy by cofiring biomass, in the form of particleboard chips. The study evaluated the feasibility of developing a new bioethanol plant that would obtain steam for process heat (as well as electricity) from the Greenidge plant. In exchange, the bioethanol facility would provide biomass residues, primarily in the form of lignin, from the ethanol manufacturing process that would be either cofired with coal in the Greenidge boilers (in lieu of wood), or burned exclusively as the dedicated fuel in lieu of coal in one of the existing coal boilers (by converting an existing coal boiler to dedicated use of “lignin mix” fuel). The co-production approach could reduce costs for the bio-ethanol facility by approximately 35%, by avoiding the need for the ethanol facility to purchase and install its own boiler and turbine generator for process energy needs and lignin utilization. In addition, sharing personnel between the power and ethanol plants could reduce O&M costs for bio-ethanol production. |
| 124 pages |
2643 kbytes |
PDF |
2002 |
| Title: |
Alternative Fuels: E85 and Flex Fuel Vehicles |
| Source: |
US EPA |
| Ethanol is a renewable fuel made from plants. Essentially non-drinkable grain alcohol, ethanol fuel is produced by fermenting plant sugars. It can be made from corn, sugar cane, and other starchy agricultural product. The cellulose in agricultural wastes such as waste woods and corn stalks (also know as "cellulosic ethanol") can also be used as a base. In the United States, most ethanol is currently made from corn, although because of rapidly developing research, cellulosic ethanol may soon become a larger part of the market. |
| 2 pages |
128 kbytes |
PDF |
2002 |
| Title: |
Compatability With Other Fuels in Blends |
| Source: |
? |
| The solubility of methanol and ethanol in gasoline in the presence of even a small quantity of water is very limited. Even at room temperatures, only 1-2% of water can be tolerated for 25-40% alcohol mixtures before phase separation occurs and this tolerance drops sharply at lower temperature and at lower alcohol contents. |
| 20 pages |
2050 kbytes |
PDF |
1900 |
| Title: |
Determining the Cost of Producing Ethanol from Corn Starch and Lignocellulosic Feedstocks |
| Source: |
National Renewable Energy Laboratory |
| NREL/USDA/DOE - This report describes the comparison of the processes, each producing 25 million annual gallons of fuel ethanol. This paper attempts to compare the two processes as mature technologies, which requires assuming that the technology improvements needed to make the lignocellulosic process commercializable are achieved, and enough plants have been built to make the design well-understood. Assumptions about yield are based on the assumed successful demonstration of the integration of technologies we feel exist for the lignocellulose process. |
| 44 pages |
620 kbytes |
PDF |
2000 |
| Title: |
Feasibility Study for Bioethanol Co-Location with a Coal Fired Power Plant |
| Source: |
National Renewable Energy Laboratory |
| NREL - Co-location with coal-fired power plants presents an opportunity to lower the capital cost of bioethanol plants by eliminating the lignin-fired boiler included in most greenfield designs. The lignin-fired boiler can represent up to 30% of the bioethanol capital cost. Integration of the ethanol operations with the power plant could benefit both facilities (purchasing of steam from the power plant and sharing of overhead costs such as maintenance for example). A Midwest location was selected for this project due to the abundance of corn stover as well as the potential for energy crops such as switchgrass. Coal fired power plants are also very common in the Midwest, which should result in numerous co-location opportunities. |
| 217 pages |
2465 kbytes |
PDF |
2002 |
| Title: |
Fuel Ethanol: Industry Guidelines, Specifications, and Procedures |
| Source: |
Renewable Fuels Association (www.ethanol-rfa.org) |
| This document focuses primarily on fuel grade ethanol and its traditional application as a transportation fuel component, and is a compilation of the key technical aspects of fuel grade ethanol use based on the collective experience and expertise of our member companies. The purpose of this document is to serve as a condensed technical reference for ethanol producers, ethanol blenders, and other interested parties who need such information. |
| 38 pages |
269 kbytes |
PDF |
2005 |
| Title: |
Gasoline C Made with Hydrous Ethanol |
| Source: |
Delphi South America Technical Center – Brazil |
| In Brazil two types of ethanol are used as automotive fuel: AEAC “Anhydrous Ethanol Fuel” with a maximum water content of 0.4% in volume; and AEHC “hydrous Ethanol Fuel” (E100) with a maximum water content of 4.9% in volume. The AEAC is mixed with about 22% in volume with Gasoline A (E0), to make Gasoline C (E22). |
| 8 pages |
420 kbytes |
PDF |
2008 |
| Title: |
Handbook for Handling, Storing, and Dispensing E85 |
| Source: |
U.S. Department of Energy |
| This document serves as a guide for blenders, distributors, sellers, and users of E85 as an alternative motor fuel. It provides basic information on the proper and safe use of E85 and offers supporting technical and policy references such as tax credits. |
| 54 pages |
5485 kbytes |
PDF |
2008 |
| Title: |
Hydrous Ethanol in Gasoline |
| Source: |
HEBlends |
| Hydrous E15 and up: Clear and bright up to 10 % water in ethanol instead of 1-2% as previously understood. |
| 18 pages |
2160 kbytes |
PDF |
2007 |
| Title: |
iMakeMyGas.com |
| Source: |
Knowledge Publications |
| Download the SIMPLEST BOOK on Making Alcohol EVER The Book is FREE. Its made with TWO Buckets and a Fish Heater! |
| 11 pages |
1216 kbytes |
PDF |
2009 |
| Title: |
Integrative Investment Appraisal of a Lignocellulosic Biomass-to-Ethanol Industry |
| Source: |
National Renewable Energy Laboratory |
| While theoretically more efficient than starch-based ethanol production systems, conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol is not without major challenges. A multiregion, multi-period, mixed integer mathematical programming model encompassing alternative feedstocks, feedstock production, delivery, and processing is developed. The model is used to identify key cost components and potential bottlenecks, and to reveal opportunities for reducing costs and prioritizing research. The research objective was to determine for specific regions in Oklahoma the most economical source of lignocellulosic biomass, timing of harvest and storage, inventory management, biorefinery size, and biorefinery location, as well as the breakeven price of ethanol, for a gasification-fermentation process. Given base assumptions, gasification-fermentation oflignocellulosic biomass to ethanol may be more economical than fermentation of corn grain. However, relative to conventional fermentation processes, gasification-fermentation technology is in its infancy. It remains to be seen if the technology will be technically feasible on a commercial scale. |
| 23 pages |
1060 kbytes |
PDF |
2003 |
| Title: |
Is Ethanol Controversial? Should it be? |
| Source: |
Khosla Ventures |
| We can start a trajectory towards a greener, cheaper, politically acceptable fuel that creates a Silicon Valley style innovation boom, rejuvenates the rural economy, and maybe even enhances the battle against global poverty, at minimal cost, and at relatively lower risk than oil, hydrogen or other alternatives. We can do this at little cost (again relative to the cost of petroleum and petroleum subsidies) because this strategy is very amenable to the decision makers from Washington to Wall Street without a lot of dollars from the government. Yes we wish we did not have a corn ethanol legacy mired in controversy around mid-west politics, yes we wish at today’s oil price the credits to ethanol were lower (and we had lower petroleum subsidies and a carbon tax as well), and we did not have tariffs on imported ethanol, but despite all the wishing it is still by far the best real option we have, warts and all! |
| 35 pages |
379 kbytes |
DOC |
2006 |
| Title: |
Low-Temperature Miscibility of Ethanol-Gasoline-Water Blends in Flex Fuel Applications |
| Source: |
University of Denmark (Author) |
| The miscibility of ethanol/gasoline/water blends at -25 °C and -2 °C was investigated experimentally. The results strongly indicate that blends containing ethanol with a water content above that of the ethanol/water azeotrope (4.4% water by mass) could be used as Flex Fuel blends together with gasoline at ambient temperatures of -25 °C and -2 °C, without phase separation occurring. Additionally, it was shown that the ethanol purity requirement of ethanol-rich Flex Fuel blends falls with increasing ethanol content in the blend. The experimental results give a large incentive for further research into the viability of gasoline/hydrous ethanol fuel blends. |
| 10 pages |
468 kbytes |
DOC |
1905 |
| Title: |
Optimal Ethanol Blend-Level Investigation |
| Source: |
University of North Dakota / American Coalition for Ethanol |
| The University of North Dakota Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) and the Minnesota Center for Automotive Research (MnCAR) conducted vehicle fuel economy and emission testing on four 2007 model vehicles. The vehicles tested included a Chevrolet Impala flex-fuel and three non-flex-fuel vehicles: a Ford Fusion, a Toyota Camry, and a Chevrolet Impala. This investigation utilized a range of undenatured ethanol–Tier 2 gasoline blend levels from 0% to 85%. |
| 37 pages |
1029 kbytes |
PDF |
2007 |
| Title: |
Statistical Analysis of the Factors Influencing Consumer Use of E85 |
| Source: |
National Renewable Energy Laboratory |
| NREL - Evaluating the sales patterns of E85 retail outlets can provide important information about consumer behavior regarding E85, locating future E85 fueling infrastructure, and developing future alternative fuel policies and programs. We used multivariate statistical analyses to estimate the significance of factors that influence the volume of E85 fuel sales to the general public in Minnesota from 1997 to 2006, including the gallon price of E85 and gasoline, FFV vehicle ownership, population demographics, and other variables. |
| 34 pages |
799 kbytes |
PDF |
2008 |
| Title: |
Water Tolerance of Bioethanol Fuel Blends |
| Source: |
University of Denmark |
| This work strongly indicates that the ethanol used in E85-type fuel blends could be significantly less pure, and therefore cheaper, than the ethanol used now for these purposes. The overall water content of E85 is currently less than 0.5%, but it could be as high as 5-15% without the risk of phase seperation (depending on temperature and fuel blend). |
| 4 pages |
573 kbytes |
PDF |
2007 |
Federal:
| Title: |
(40 CFR Part 80) Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Renewable Fuel Standard Program; Final Rule |
| Source: |
U.S. Federal Register |
| This action finalizes regulations designed to ensure that refiners, blenders, and importers of gasoline will use enough renewable fuel each year so that the total volume requirements of the Energy Policy Act are met. Our rule describes the standard that will apply to these parties and the renewable fuels that qualify for compliance. The regulations also establish a trading program that will be an integral aspect of the overall program, allowing renewable fuels to be used where they are most economical while providing a flexible means for obligated parties to comply with the standard. |
| 116 pages |
804 kbytes |
PDF |
2007 |
| Title: |
U.S. Senate (105th Congress) S. Res. 98 |
| Source: |
Roll Call |
| A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate regarding the conditions for the United States becoming a signatory to any international agreement on greenhouse gas emissions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (Passed Senate 95 to 0) |
| 3 pages |
84 kbytes |
PDF |
1997 |
Feedstock:
| Title: |
Cellulase, Clostridia, and Ethanol |
| Source: |
University of Rochester |
| The potential quantity of ethanol that could be produced from cellulose is over an order of magnitude larger than that producible from corn. In contrast to the corn-to-ethanol conversion, the cellulose-to-ethanol route involves little or no contribution to the greenhouse effect and has a clearly positive net energy balance (five times better). As a result of such considerations, microorganisms that metabolize cellulose have gained prominence in recent years. |
| 31 pages |
667 kbytes |
PDF |
2005 |
| Title: |
Demonstration of a Hermetic Airborne Ozone Disinfection System: Studies on E. coli |
| Source: |
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal |
| An enclosed flow-through system using airborne ozone for disinfection and which removes the ozone with a catalytic converter was tested with a strain of Escherichia coli. Petri dishes containing the microorganisms were inserted in a chamber and exposed for 10–480 min to ozone concentrations between 4 and 20 ppm. Death rates in excess of 99.99% were achieved. Survival data is fitted to a two-stage curve with a shoulder based on the multihit target model. Ozone was removed from the exhaust air to nondetectable levels using a metal oxide based catalyst. The possibility of using ozone as an airborne disinfectant for internal building surfaces and catalytically removing the ozone on exhaust is demonstrated to be feasible. |
| 6 pages |
482 kbytes |
PDF |
2003 |
| Title: |
Effect of Ozonolysis Pretreatment on Enzymatic Digestibility of Wheat and Rye Straw |
| Source: |
Bioresource Technology |
| Wheat and rye straws were pretreated with ozone to increase the enzymatic hydrolysis extent of potentially fermentable sugars. The acid insoluble lignin content of the biomass was reduced in all experiments involving hemicellulose degradation. Near negligible losses of cellulose were observed. Enzymatic hydrolysis yields of up to 88.6% and 57% were obtained compared to 29% and 16% in non-ozonated wheat and rye straw respectively. |
| 6 pages |
233 kbytes |
PDF |
2008 |
| Title: |
Feed From Animal Wastes: State of Knowledge |
| Source: |
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
| FAO - This study describes the potential of nutrient recovery from animal wastes in integrated animal feeding systems. The philosophy behind feeding processed animal wastes is based on the fact that coprophagy within the same or other animal species has always existed in nature. The nutritive value of individual animal wastes, with and without various bedding materials, is described in detail. |
| 9 pages |
92 kbytes |
DOC |
1905 |
| Title: |
Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Wastes to Improve Ethanol and Biogas Production: A Review |
| Source: |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| Lignocelluloses are often a major or sometimes the sole components of different waste streams from various industries, forestry, agriculture and municipalities. Hydrolysis of these materials is the first step for either digestion to biogas (methane) or fermentation to ethanol. However, enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses with no pretreatment is usually not so effective because of high stability of the materials to enzymatic or bacterial attacks. The present work is dedicated to reviewing the methods that have been studied for pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes for conversion to ethanol or biogas. Effective parameters in pretreatment of lignocelluloses, such as crystallinity, accessible surface area, and protection by lignin and hemicellulose are described first. Then, several pretreatment methods are discussed and their effects on improvement in ethanol and/or biogas production are described. They include milling, irradiation, microwave, steam explosion, ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX), supercritical CO2 and its explosion, alkaline hydrolysis, liquid hot-water pretreatment, organosolv processes, wet oxidation, ozonolysis, dilute- and concentrated-acid hydrolyses, and biological pretreatments. |
| 31 pages |
201 kbytes |
PDF |
2008 |
| Title: |
Quantifying Cradle-to-Farm Gate Life-Cycle Impacts Associated with Fertilizer used for Corn, Soybean, and Stover Production |
| Source: |
National Renewable Energy Laboratory |
| With an increase interest in the use of corn, soybeans and corn stover for bio-based products and fuels, it is important to understand the relative environmental benefits and deleterious impacts associated with this growing market. A team of researchers lead by NREL completed a life cycle assessment (LCA) for stover harvest and conversion to ethanol for transportation fuels. Their report focused on the green house gas emission benefits associated with biofuels as balanced by potential detriments to soil health (carbon content and erosion). Eutrophication was identified as an important issue by stakeholders involved with this project, but limited resources prevented this environmental impact category from being addressed. Thus, the goal of the work presented here was primarily to fill that gap, thereby providing a more complete picture of the overall environmental impacts associated with bio-based products. |
| 122 pages |
1282 kbytes |
PDF |
2005 |
| Title: |
Short Rotation, Hardwood Tree Biomass as Potential Ruminant Feed - Chemical Composition, Nylon Bag Ruminal Degradation and Ensilement of Selected Species |
| Source: |
Journal of Animal Science (FASS) |
| Chemical composition, nylon bag ruminal degradation and the ensiling characteristics of the biomass of 10 short rotation, intensively-cultured hardwood tree species were determined to evaluate their potential feeding value for cattle. Species examined included: ailanthus, aspen, black alder, black locust, birch, elm, green ash, honeylocust, poplar and willow. Dry matter of these species ranged from 27.5 to 31.4% during initial growth, and from 28.2 to 32.3% with regrowth. |
| 17 pages |
1109 kbytes |
PDF |
1985 |
| Title: |
Starch-Based Ethanol Production |
| Source: |
Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development |
| The dry grind process using a tonne of grain results in 374-402 L of 190 Proof ethanol, 323 kg of DDG/DDGS and ~287 kg of CO2. The wet milling process used prior to the resurgence of alcohol production to make pure starches and syrups is a more complex process only carried out by a small number of plants in North America. The products of the wet mill from a tonne of dry corn are corn oil (27 kg via 43.3 kg of germ), starch (570 kg) or 622 kg of a wide variety of sweeteners (made by specialized enzymes), gluten meal (55 kg), gluten feed (157 kg), CO2 (287 kg) and ~374 L of alcohol if all starch was sent to the fermentor. From this information, we can calculate the yield of alcohol from the amount of starch available (if we can measure it accurately). |
| 8 pages |
108 kbytes |
PDF |
2007 |
FuelFlex:
| Title: |
Achieving America's Energy Independence |
| Source: |
Fuel Flex International |
| America needs to break its dependency on foreign oil and reduce our environmental impact. Albert Einstein pointed out that insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results. Clearly, continuing with business as usual is not going to result in breaking our addiction of oil; we must make significant changes. We also cannot afford to toss out trillions of dollars in current investments, so we must find ways to work with what we have while making significant improvements in what we do. E85, while likely not the ultimate solution, is a step in the right direction and enables us to make substantial improvements. Our current vehicles can, with minimal modification, operate very well with E85, but there are regulatory changes which must occur if a significant amount of change is to occur. |
| 9 pages |
163 kbytes |
PDF |
2009 |
Hybrid & Electric:
| Title: |
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology |
| Source: |
National Renewable Energy Laboratory |
| This paper presents a comparison of the costs (vehicle purchase costs and energy costs) and benefits (reduced petroleum consumption) of PHEVs relative to hybrid-electric and conventional vehicles. A detailed simulation model is used to predict petroleum reductions and costs of PHEV designs compared to a baseline midsize sedan. Two powertrain technology scenarios are considered to explore the near-term and long-term prospects of PHEVs. The analysis finds that petroleum reductions exceeding 45% per vehicle can be achieved by PHEVs equipped with 20 mi (32 km) or more of energy storage. However, the long-term incremental costs of these vehicles are projected to exceed US$8,000, with near-term costs being significantly higher. |
| 15 pages |
776 kbytes |
PDF |
2006 |
| Title: |
Hybrid Electric and Battery Electric Vehicles: Technology, Costs, and Benefits |
| Source: |
Sustainable Energy Ireland |
| A measure that is of potential interest is increasing the use of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and/or battery electric vehicles (BEVs). These options have the advantage of reducing average vehicle energyconsumption, and hence reducing CO2 emissions. However, before these proposals can be taken forward, further work is required to assess the potential energy and CO2 savings, and the associated costs and benefits of HEVs and BEVs in vehicle fleets in Ireland. Sustainable Energy Ireland (SEI) has commissioned AEA Energy & Environment (AEA) and ILTP to undertake this work. This work consists of a “Cost of ownership calculator” which provides the energy efficiency, emissions and costs (capital, running and energy) for HEVs and BEVs by vehicle type on a per km basis, an easy to understand “Buyer’s Guide” to these vehicle technologies and this report (Report 1) which presents more detailed information on technical developments in these technologies and assesses the most cost effective and lowest carbon dioxide options. |
| 92 pages |
1230 kbytes |
PDF |
2007 |
| Title: |
Life Cycle Assessment of Vehicle Fuels and Technologies |
| Source: |
Ecolane Limited (UK) |
| A large number of cleaner vehicle fuels and technologies are now commercially available. However, the complexity of comparing the emissions profiles of each of the options makes it difficult for the consumer, fleet manager or policy maker to decide the most appropriate vehicle fuel or technology for a particular application. Even at the policy maker level there may be a degree of uncertainty regarding the relative benefits of each cleaner option and the relative impacts of fuel and vehicle cycles. For these reasons, this report aims to assess the life cycle environmental impacts of road vehicle fuels and technologies to enable the comparison of cleaner options with each other and against conventional vehicle fuels/technologies – and to inform future transport policy developments within the London Borough of Camden. |
| 69 pages |
1043 kbytes |
PDF |
2006 |
| Title: |
Toyota Prius 2004 Model (2nd Generation) Emergency Response Guide |
| Source: |
Toyota Motor Corporation |
| By following the information in this guide, emergency responders should be able to mitigate a rescue involving the 2nd generation Prius hybrid vehicle safely. Emergencies involving the Prius may be handled like other automobiles except as noted in these guidelines for Extrication, Fire, Overhaul, Recovery, Spills, First Aid, and Submersion. |
| 26 pages |
2285 kbytes |
PDF |
2004 |
| Title: |
Wind-to-Wheel Energy Assessment |
| Source: |
Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessment |
| Renewable energy resources still make up a relatively small fraction of generation, and need to be put to use as effectively as possible. This analysis makes clear that a battery-electric fuel pathway is a more effective method for getting wind energy to the road than a hydrogen fuel pathway. Specifically, Li-ion batteries show promise for cars by performing 60% better (on a range basis) than the prevailing NiMH battery type, and by achieving three times the range of a fuel cell vehicle on the same original wind turbine output. |
| 8 pages |
106 kbytes |
PDF |
2005 |
Internal Revenue Service:
| Title: |
Internal Revenue Code Section 30C |
| Source: |
U.S. Government Printing Office |
| TITLE 26 - INTERNAL REVENUE CODE, Subtitle A - Income Taxes, CHAPTER 1 - NORMAL TAXES AND SURTAXES, Subchapter A - Determination of Tax Liability, PART IV - CREDITS AGAINST TAX, Subpart B - Other Credits, Sec. 30C - Alternative Fuel Vehicle Refueling Property Credit |
| ? pages |
8 kbytes |
TXT |
2006 |
| Title: |
IRS Instructions for Form SS-4 |
| Source: |
US IRS |
| Use these instructions to complete Form SS-4, Application for Employer Identification Number. Also see Telephone. You can receive your EIN by telephone and Do I Need an EIN? on page 2 of Form SS-4. |
| 6 pages |
71 kbytes |
PDF |
2009 |
| Title: |
IRS Treasury Form 720 |
| Source: |
U.S. Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service |
| Quarterly Federal Excise Tax Return (Tax on Ethanol w/ Offset Credits). Caution. The alcohol fuel mixture credit, biodiesel mixture credit, renewable diesel mixture credit, and alternative fuel mixture credit must first be taken as a credit against your taxable fuel liability (gasoline, diesel fuel, and kerosene) reported on Form 720. Similarly, the alternative fuel credit must first be taken on Form 720 as a credit against your alternative fuel or CNG tax liability. If you have these tax liabilities and you did not make the claim on Schedule C (Form 720) as a credit against those liabilities, you must first file Form 720X, Amended Quarterly Federal Excise Tax Return, before Form 8849, Schedule 3, can be used for the refund. You cannot claim any amounts on Form 8849 that you claimed (or will claim) on Schedule C (Form 720), Form 720X, or Form 4136, Credit for Federal Tax Paid on Fuels. |
| 7 pages |
437 kbytes |
PDF |
2008 |
New York State:
| Title: |
(NYS) Miscellaneous Permit II Instructions |
| Source: |
NYS Liquor Authority (ABC) |
| Section 91-A- An Industrial Alcohol Manufacturer's Permit may be issued by the New York State Liquor Authority entitling the applicant to manufacture alcohol intended for use and/or used for the following purposes. (a) for scientific, chemical, mechanical, industrial, medicinal and culinary purposes, (c) in the manufacture of denatured alcohol as provided by the acts of congress and regulations promulgated thereunder, and (f) in the manufacture of ethanol from biomass feedstock for use as fuel (including but not limited to motor fuel, heating fuel, or fuel for process heat.) |
| 9 pages |
44 kbytes |
PDF |
2007 |
| Title: |
Important Notice: Taxability of Ethanol (Articles 12-A, 13-A, 28, and 29) |
| Source: |
NYS Dept. of Tax & Finance |
| As of January 1, 2004, the sale or importation of gasoline containing methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) will be banned in New York State. With respect to the ban, the Department has received inquiries regarding the taxability of ethanol, the accepted substitute for MTBE, when blended with gasoline. In general, any person dealing in ethanol that is considered motor fuel will be subject to all tax, registration, transportation, certification, and reporting requirements in effect for motor fuel. There is no reduction in the New York State motor fuel, petroleum business, or sales taxes for ethanol or gasoline blended with ethanol. |
| 1 pages |
42 kbytes |
PDF |
2003 |
| Title: |
NYS §F2201 (Chapter F22) - Motor Fuel: Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages |
| Source: |
Fire Code of New York State |
| Automotive motor fuel dispensing facilities, marine motor fuel dispensing facilities, fleet vehicle motor fuel dispensing facilities and repair garages shall be in accordance with this chapter and the Building Code of New York State, Fuel Gas Code of New York State and the Mechanical Code of New York State. Such operations shall include both operations that are accessible to the public and private operations. |
| 26 pages |
112 kbytes |
PDF |
1900 |
| Title: |
Summary of Personal Income Tax Legislative Changes Enacted in 2006 |
| Source: |
NYS Dept. of Tax & Finance |
| This memorandum contains brief summaries of the personal income tax changes that are part of the 2006-2007 New York State budget bills and other recently enacted legislation (Chapters 35, 58, 61, 62, 105, 109, 251, 420, 440, 522, 547 and 565 of the Laws of 2006). |
| 19 pages |
58 kbytes |
PDF |
2007 |
Other:
| Title: |
New York Large Herd Farms, 300 Cows or Larger (2007) |
| Source: |
Cornell University |
| This report is comprised of six sections. The first section charts the progress of the large herd farm business over two years. Eighty-three of the large herd farms participated in the summary the last two years. The averages of selected business factors are presented for these farms and the changes that occurred from 2006 to 2007 are calculated. The second section contains charts for additional analysis of large herd farms. The top 20 percent large farms (by rate of return on assets without appreciation) are compared to the average for all 86 large herd farms that participated in the 2007 DFBS program. Also presented is information concerning dairy enterprise efficiency, and milking parlor efficiency. The summary and analysis section lists the average data for the 86 large herd farms that participated in the 2007 DFBS program. The format follows that of the individual farm DFBS printout and contains a brief explanation of each table and chart with comparisons to the top 20 percent large farms. |
| 59 pages |
544 kbytes |
PDF |
2008 |
| Title: |
Reality Coalition Launches Campaign Debunking “Clean Coal” Myth |
| Source: |
The Reality Coalition |
| The Alliance for Climate Protection (www.climateprotect.org/about/alliance), League of Conservation Voters (www.lcv.org/about-lcv/), National Wildlife Federation (www.nwf.org/about/), Natural Resources Defense Council (www.nrdc.org/about) and Sierra Club (www.sierraclub.org/inside/) launched the “Reality” Coalition, a national grassroots and advertising effort to tell a simple truth - In reality, there is no such thing as “clean coal". |
| 2 pages |
112 kbytes |
PDF |
2008 |
Petroleum:
| Title: |
Crude Oil: Uncertainty about Future Oil Supply Makes It Important to Develop a Strategy for Addressing a Peak and Decline in Oil Production |
| Source: |
U.S. Government Accountability Office |
| The prospect of a peak in oil production presents problems of global proportion whose consequences will depend critically on our preparedness. The consequences would be most dire if a peak occurred soon, without warning, and were followed by a sharp decline in oil production because alternative energy sources, particularly for transportation, are not yet available in large quantities. Such a peak would require sharp reductions in oil consumption, and the competition for increasingly scarce energy would drive up prices, possibly to unprecedented levels, causing severe economic damage. While these consequences would be felt globally, the United States, as the largest consumer of oil and one of the nations most heavily dependent on oil for transportation, may be especially vulnerable among the industrialized nations of the world. |
| 82 pages |
1131 kbytes |
PDF |
2007 |
| Title: |
Estimating the Energy Security Benefits of Reduced U.S. Oil Imports |
| Source: |
Oak Ridge National Laboratory |
| Reducing US oil imports by 1 barrel (42 gallons) provides a value of at least $13.58 to our society. The approach estimates the incremental benefits to society, in dollars per barrel, of reducing U.S. imports. This “oil premium” approach identifies those energy-security related costs which are not reflected in the market price of oil, and which are expected to change in response to an incremental change in the level of oil use. Omitted from this premium calculation are environmental costs and possible non-economic or unquantifiable effects, such as effects on foreign policy flexibility or military policy. Also omitted are any spillover-benefits that may accrue to U.S. allies and trading partners who are similarly reliant on oil, and who would benefit from a reduction in the level or volatility of world oil price. |
| 38 pages |
463 kbytes |
PDF |
2007 |
| Title: |
IEA World Energy Outlook 2008 - Executive Summary |
| Source: |
International Energy Agency |
| For all the uncertainties highlighted in this report, we can be certain that the energy world will look a lot different in 2030 than it does today. The world energy system will be transformed, but not necessarily in the way we would like to see. We can be confident of some of the trends highlighted in this report: the growing weight of China, India, the Middle East and other non-OECD regions in energy markets and in CO2 emissions; the rapidly increasing dominance of national oil companies; and the emergence of low-carbon energy technologies. And while market imbalances could temporarily cause prices to fall back, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the era of cheap oil is over. But many of the key policy drivers (not to mention other, external factors) remain in doubt. It is within the power of all governments, of producing and consuming countries alike, acting alone or together, to steer the world towards a cleaner, cleverer and more competitive energy system. Time is running out and the time to act is now. |
| 13 pages |
176 kbytes |
PDF |
2008 |
| Title: |
What Is OPEC? |
| Source: |
OPEC |
| The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent intergovernmental organization of 13 oil-exporting developing nations that coordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its Member Countries. OPEC seeks to ensure the stabilisation of oil prices in international oil markets with a view to eliminating harmful and unnecessary fluctuations, due regard being given at all times to the interests of oil-producing nations and to the necessity of securing a steady income for them. |
| 58 pages |
1921 kbytes |
PDF |
2008 |
Solar and Wind:
Tax and Trade Bureau:
Links to files, articles, and archives hosted on external web sites
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According to the U.S. Department of Energy, burning one gallon of gasoline releases 20 lbs of CO2.
This report from 1983 describes Floyd Butterfield's first ethanol project
Journey to Forever, a NGO, maintains an extensive biofuels library
This Oak Ridge National Laboratory "Billion Ton Study" concludes that there is over one billion tons of biomass available in the US on a sustainable, annual basis. This is enough raw material to produce approximately 90 billion gallons of ethanol fuel.
This National Renewable Energy Laboratory study estimates the cost of adding E85 pumps to existing gas stations.
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory prodives a Handbook for Storing, Handling, and Dispensing E85 Fuel.
Cornell University provides this overview of how to compare the values of various heating fuels.
The Governor's Ethanol Coalition provides a presentation onCellulosic Ethanol Feedstocks and Logistics.
Vinod Khosla asks "Is Ethanol Controversial? Should It Be?".
This web site sells Ethanol Injection Systems for Diesel Engines
The State of California acknowledges that 16% of garbage in California is food waste.
This article concludes that half of the food grown in United States goes to waste
This study analyses fuel economy differences between gasoline and E85.
The State of Minnesota used E20 (20% ethanol) in their vehicles and published these results.
Links to videos hosted on external web sites
(will open in new window)
Vinod Khosla - Thinking Outside the Barrel
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